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2D, 1D

Irreducibly Representing 3 Dimensional Matrix Groups

{$V_j=\langle x_j,y_j,u \rangle$}

{$C(V_j)=\langle 1,x_j,y_j,u, x_jy_j,x_ju,y_ju,x_jy_ju \rangle$}

{$a_j=\frac{1}{2}(x_j + iy_j)$}

{$\bar{a}_j=\frac{1}{2}(x_j - iy_j)$}

{$x_j=a_j+\bar{a}_j$}

{$y_j=i(\bar{a}_j-a_j)$}

{$W_j\oplus W_j^*=\langle a_j, \bar{a}_j \rangle$}

Let {$D$} be the superalgebra {$\mathbb{C}(\varepsilon)$} with {$\varepsilon$} odd and {$\varepsilon^2=1$}.

{$C(V_j)=\langle 1,x_j,y_j,x_jy_j,u,ux_j,uy_j,ux_jy_j \rangle\cong \langle 1, u \rangle\otimes\langle 1, x_j, y_j, x_jy_j \rangle\cong \mathbb{C}(\varepsilon)\otimes\textrm{End}(\langle 1, \bar{a}_j \rangle)\cong\textrm{End}_{\mathbb{C}(\varepsilon)}(\mathbb{C}(\varepsilon)\otimes\langle 1, \bar{a}_j \rangle)$}

Representation given by action on {$\bar{a}_j$}

{$W^*_j=\langle \bar{a}_j \rangle $}

{$S'_j = \langle 1, \bar{a}_j \rangle $}

{$1\rightarrow 1, u \rightarrow \varepsilon$}

{$1\rightarrow \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 \\ \end{pmatrix}$}

{$a_j\rightarrow \begin{pmatrix} 0 & 1 \\ 0 & 0 \\ \end{pmatrix}$}

{$\bar{a}_j\rightarrow \begin{pmatrix} 0 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 \\ \end{pmatrix}$}

{$a_j\bar{a}_j\rightarrow \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 \\ \end{pmatrix}$}

{$\bar{a}_ja_j\rightarrow \begin{pmatrix} 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 \\ \end{pmatrix}$}

{$a_j^2=\bar{a}_j^2=0$}

{$x_j\rightarrow \begin{pmatrix} 0 & 1 \\ 1 & 0 \\ \end{pmatrix}$}

{$y_j\rightarrow \begin{pmatrix} 0 & -i \\ i & 0 \\ \end{pmatrix}$}

The Lie algebra is generated by the bivectors {$ux_j, uy_j, x_jy_j$}.

{$ux_j\rightarrow \varepsilon\otimes\begin{pmatrix} 0 & 1 \\ 1 & 0 \\ \end{pmatrix}$}

{$uy_j\rightarrow \varepsilon\otimes\begin{pmatrix} 0 & -i \\ i & 0 \\ \end{pmatrix}$}

{$x_jy_j\rightarrow 1\otimes\begin{pmatrix} i & 0 \\ 0 & -i \\ \end{pmatrix}$}

{$y_jx_j\rightarrow 1\otimes\begin{pmatrix} -i & 0 \\ 0 & i \\ \end{pmatrix}$}


This Lie algebra is not abelian. It is semisimple.

The Cartan subalgebra of this Lie algebra can be generated by {$\bar{a}_j\wedge a_j$} which is mapped to {$\frac{1}{4}[\bar{a}_j,a_j]=\frac{1}{4}\bar{a}_ja_j - \frac{1}{4}a_j\bar{a}_j$}. Acting on an arbitrary element {$c_j+d_j\bar{a}_j\in S'$}, and noting the factor {$\sqrt{2}$} in applying a vector, we have {$(\frac{1}{4}\bar{a}_ja_j - \frac{1}{4}a_j\bar{a}_j)(c_j+d_j\bar{a}_j)=(\frac{1}{4}d_j\bar{a}_j - \frac{1}{4}c_j)2$}. This means the action is given by

{$\begin{pmatrix} -\frac{1}{2} & 0 \\ 0 & \frac{1}{2} \\ \end{pmatrix}\begin{pmatrix} c_j \\ d_j \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} -\frac{1}{2}c_j \\ \frac{1}{2}d_j \end{pmatrix}$}

The weight spaces are {$S'_+ = \langle 1 \rangle$} with weight {$\lambda_1(h)=-\frac{1}{2}$} and {$ S'_- = \langle \bar{a}_j\rangle $} with weight {$\lambda_{a_j}(h)=\frac{1}{2}$}. The Cartan subalgebra element {$\bar{a}_j\wedge a_j$} has eigenvalue {$-\frac{1}{2}$} on {$\langle 1 \rangle$}, which does not contain {$\bar{a}_j$}, and eigenvalue {$\frac{1}{2}$} on {$\langle \bar{a}_j \rangle$}, which does contain {$\bar{a}_j$}.

Representation given by action on {$a_j$}

{$W_j=\langle a_j \rangle $}

{$S_j = \langle 1, a_j \rangle $}

{$C(V_j)=\langle 1,x_j,y_j,x_jy_j \rangle\cong \textrm{End}(\langle 1, a_j \rangle)$}

{$1\rightarrow \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 \\ \end{pmatrix}$}

{$a_j\rightarrow \begin{pmatrix} 0 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 \\ \end{pmatrix}$}

{$\bar{a}_j\rightarrow \begin{pmatrix} 0 & 1 \\ 0 & 0 \\ \end{pmatrix}$}

{$a_j\bar{a}_j\rightarrow \begin{pmatrix} 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 \\ \end{pmatrix}$}

{$\bar{a}_ja_j\rightarrow \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 \\ \end{pmatrix}$}

{$a_j^2=\bar{a}_j^2=0$}

{$x_j\rightarrow \begin{pmatrix} 0 & 1 \\ 1 & 0 \\ \end{pmatrix}$}

{$y_j\rightarrow \begin{pmatrix} 0 & i \\ -i & 0 \\ \end{pmatrix}$}

The Lie algebra is given by the bivectors:

{$x_jy_j\rightarrow \begin{pmatrix} -i & 0 \\ 0 & i \\ \end{pmatrix}$}

{$y_jx_j\rightarrow \begin{pmatrix} i & 0 \\ 0 & -i \\ \end{pmatrix}$}

The Lie algebra is abelian, thus not semisimple. It equals its Cartan subalgebra.

The Cartan subalgebra of the Lie algebra for the spin group can be generated by {$\bar{a}_j\wedge a_j$} which is mapped to {$\frac{1}{4}[\bar{a}_j,a_j]=\frac{1}{4}\bar{a}_ja_j - \frac{1}{4}a_j\bar{a}_j$}. Acting on an arbitrary element {$c_j+d_ja_j\in S$}, and noting the factor {$\sqrt{2}$} in applying a vector, we have {$(\frac{1}{4}\bar{a}_ja_j - \frac{1}{4}a_j\bar{a}_j)(c_j+d_ja_j)=(\frac{1}{4}c_j - \frac{1}{4}d_j)2$}. This means the action is given by

{$\begin{pmatrix} \frac{1}{2} & 0 \\ 0 & -\frac{1}{2} \\ \end{pmatrix}\begin{pmatrix} c_j \\ d_j \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} \frac{1}{2}c_j \\ -\frac{1}{2}d_j \end{pmatrix}$}

Alternatively, consider the values above for {$\bar{a}_ja_j$} and {$a_j\bar{a}_j$} and calculate {$\bar{a}_ja_j - a_j\bar{a}_j$}. This will give a value that differs by a multiplicative constant. Note that a Lie algebra representation is always isomorphic to its product with a nonzero scalar.

Note that this is also just a complex constant times the value for {$x_jy_j$}.

The weight spaces are {$\langle 1 \rangle$} and {$\langle a_j \rangle$}. The respective weights are {$\lambda_1(h)=\frac{1}{2}$} and {$\lambda_{a_j}(h)=-\frac{1}{2}$} for {$h\in\frak{h}$}. The Cartan subalgebra element {$\bar{a}_j\wedge a_j$} has eigenvalue {$-\frac{1}{2}$} on {$\langle a_j \rangle$}, which contains {$a_j$}, and eigenvalue {$\frac{1}{2}$} on {$\langle 1 \rangle$}, which does not contain {$a_j$}.

Relating the representations

The Lie algebra for {$\textrm{Spin}(2)$} has a single generator, the bivector {$x_jy_j$}.

The representation {$\bar{\phi}$} based on {$S'=\langle 1,\bar{a}_j\rangle$} sends

{$x_jy_j\rightarrow \begin{pmatrix} i & 0 \\ 0 & -i \\ \end{pmatrix}$}

The representation {$\phi$} based on {$S=\langle 1, a_j \rangle$} sends

{$x_jy_j\rightarrow \begin{pmatrix} -i & 0 \\ 0 & i \\ \end{pmatrix}$}

Thus these are dual representations. {$\phi(x_jy_j)=-\bar{\phi}(x_jy_j)^T$} and {$\bar{\phi}(x_jy_j)^T=-\phi(x_jy_j)$}.

Note also that the values of the dual representation is given by the value on {$y_jx_j$}, which is to say, the value in the opposite Clifford algebra.

The weight {$\lambda_1(h) = \frac{1}{2}$} of {$S_+=\langle 1 \rangle$} is the negative of the weight {$-\lambda_1(h)=\lambda_{a_j}(h) = -\frac{1}{2}$} of {$S_-=\langle a_j \rangle$}.

The weight {$\lambda_{\bar{a}_j}(h)=\frac{1}{2}$} of {$S'_-=\langle \bar{a}_j \rangle$} is the negative of the weight {$\lambda_1(h)=-\frac{1}{2}$} of {$S'_+=\langle 1 \rangle$}.

There is an isomorphism from {$S_+=\langle 1 \rangle$} to {$S'_-=\langle \bar{a}_j \rangle$}, unique up to scale. And there is an isomorphism from {$S_-=\langle a_j \rangle$} to {$S'_+=\langle 1 \rangle$}, unique up to scale.

This can be interpreted to identify the lack of a concept with the existence of a context, and the existence of a concept with the lack of a context.

The isomorphisms can be established by calculating what {$B:S\rightarrow S'$} must be, {$B:\langle 1, a_j \rangle \rightarrow \langle 1, \bar{a}_j \rangle$}. This is a homomorphism if it is {$\frak{spin}(2)$} equivariant so that {$B(X\cdot s)=X\cdot B(s)$} for any {$X\in\frak{spin}(2),$}{$s\in S$}. Let {$X=k_jx_jy_j, s=c_j+d_ja_j$} with {$k_j,c_j,d_j\in\mathbb{C}$}. Then {$B(k_jx_jy_j\cdot(c_j+d_ja_j))=k_jx_jy_j\cdot B(c_j+d_ja_j)$}. Substituting the matrix for {$x_jy_j$} and writing {$B$} as a matrix we have

{$\begin{pmatrix} b_{11} & b_{12} \\ b_{21} & b_{22} \\ \end{pmatrix}\begin{pmatrix} k_ji & 0 \\ 0 & -k_ji \\ \end{pmatrix}\begin{pmatrix} c_j \\ d_j \\ \end{pmatrix}=\begin{pmatrix} -k_ji & 0 \\ 0 & k_ji \\ \end{pmatrix}\begin{pmatrix} b_{11} & b_{12} \\ b_{21} & b_{22} \\ \end{pmatrix}\begin{pmatrix} c_j \\ d_j \\ \end{pmatrix}$}

{$k_ji\begin{pmatrix} b_{11} & -b_{12} \\ b_{21} & -b_{22} \\ \end{pmatrix}\begin{pmatrix} c_j \\ d_j \\ \end{pmatrix}=k_ji\begin{pmatrix} -b_{11} & -b_{12} \\ b_{21} & b_{22} \\ \end{pmatrix}\begin{pmatrix} c_j \\ d_j \\ \end{pmatrix}$}

We get {$b_{11}=0, b_{22}=0$}. Thus we can specify the isomorphism as {$B=\begin{pmatrix} 0 & b_{01} \\ b_{10} & 0 \\ \end{pmatrix}$} with any nonzero {$b_{01},b_{10}\in\mathbb{C}$}.

Nondegenerate bilinear form {$\beta$}

Given {$B$}, we define {$\beta(\phi,\psi)=B(\phi)(\psi)$} on {$\phi,\psi\in S=\langle 1, a_j\rangle$}. Let {$\phi = \phi_0 + \phi_1a_j, \psi= \psi_0+\psi_1a_j$}, then we calculate {$(B\phi)^T\psi = \phi^TB^T\psi$}

{$\begin{pmatrix} \phi_0 & \phi_1 \\ \end{pmatrix}\begin{pmatrix} 0 & b_{10} \\ b_{01} & 0 \\ \end{pmatrix}\begin{pmatrix} \psi_0 \\ \psi_1 \\ \end{pmatrix} = \phi_1b_{01}\psi_0 + \phi_0b_{10}\psi_1$}

We want invariance: {$\beta(\xi\cdot\phi,\psi)+\beta(\phi,\xi\cdot\psi)=0$} where {$\xi=kx_jy_j\in\frak{so}$}{$(2)$}. We have {$\xi= \begin{pmatrix} -ki & 0 \\ 0 & ki \\ \end{pmatrix}$}, {$\xi\cdot\phi= \begin{pmatrix} -ki\phi_0 \\ ki\phi_1 \\ \end{pmatrix}$}, {$\xi\cdot\psi= \begin{pmatrix} -ki\psi_0 \\ ki\psi_1 \\ \end{pmatrix}$}

Indeed: {$ki[(\phi_1b_{01}\psi_0 - \phi_0b_{10}\psi_1) + (-\phi_1b_{01}\psi_0 + \phi_0b_{10}\psi_1)]=0$}

Antiautomorphism {$\tau$}

Furthermore, we seek an antiautomorphism {$\tau$} of {$Cl_n\mathbb{C}$} such that {$\beta(A\cdot \phi, \psi)=\beta(\phi,\tau(A)\cdot\psi)$} for all {$A\in Cl_n\mathbb{C}=\langle 1, x_j, y_j, x_jy_j\rangle$}. This will force {$b_{01}=b{10}=b$}. Recall that:

{$x_j = \begin{pmatrix} 0 & 1 \\ 1 & 0 \\ \end{pmatrix}, y_j = \begin{pmatrix} 0 & i \\ -i & 0 \\ \end{pmatrix}, x_jy_j = \begin{pmatrix} -i & 0 \\ 0 & i \\ \end{pmatrix}$}

Consequently,

{$x_j\begin{pmatrix} \phi_0 \\ \phi_1 \\ \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} \phi_1 \\ \phi_0 \\ \end{pmatrix}, y_j\begin{pmatrix} \phi_0 \\ \phi_1 \\ \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} i\phi_1 \\ -i\phi_0 \\ \end{pmatrix}, x_jy_j\begin{pmatrix} \phi_0 \\ \phi_1 \\ \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} -i\phi_0 \\ i\phi_1 \\ \end{pmatrix}$}

Then

{$\beta(\phi,\psi) = b(\phi_0\psi_1 + \phi_1\psi_0)$}

{$\beta(x\cdot\phi,\psi) = b(\phi_1\psi_1 + \phi_0\psi_0) = \beta(\phi,x\cdot\psi)$}

{$\beta(y\cdot\phi,\psi) = b(i\phi_1\psi_1 - i\phi_0\psi_0) = \beta(\phi,y\cdot\psi)$}

{$\beta(xy\cdot\phi,\psi) = b(-i\phi_0\psi_1 + i\phi_1\psi_0) = \beta(\phi,yx\cdot\psi)$}

We thus have that {$\tau(x)=x, \tau(y)=y, \tau(xy)=\tau(y)\tau(x)=yx$}.

Symmetry properties of {$\beta$}

Note that {$\beta(\phi,\psi) = b(\phi_0\psi_1 + \phi_1\psi_0) = \beta(\psi,\phi)$}.

Consider for {$A\in\wedge^kV$} what is the sign {$\varepsilon_k$} such that {$\beta(A\cdot\phi,\psi)=\varepsilon_k\beta(A\cdot\psi,\phi)$}.

We have {$\varepsilon_0=1$} because {$\beta(\phi,\psi)=\beta(\psi,\phi)$}

{$\beta(x_j\cdot\phi,\psi)=\beta(\phi,\tau(x_j)\cdot\psi)=\beta(\phi,x_j\cdot\psi)=\beta(x_j\cdot\psi,\phi)$} thus {$\varepsilon_1=0$}.

{$\beta(x_jy_j\cdot\phi,\psi)=\beta(\phi,\tau(x_jy_j)\cdot\psi)=\beta(\phi,y_jx_j\cdot\psi)=\beta(y_jx_j\cdot\psi,\phi)=-\beta(x_jy_j\cdot\psi,\phi)$} thus {$\varepsilon_2=-1$}.

No roots

This Lie algebra is abelian. Thus it has no roots and it has no Weyl group.

Lie group

{$SO(2)$} is abelian. Consequently, the exponential map {$\textrm{exp}:\frak{so}$}{$(2)\rightarrow SO(2)$} is a surjective group homomorphism.

{$SO(2)\cong\{\begin{pmatrix} e^{-ik} & 0 \\ 0 & e^{ik} \\ \end{pmatrix} |\; k\in\mathbb{R}\}$}

Conclusion

The action is defined in terms of adding a concept, going from {$1$} to {$a_i$}, or filling a context, removing it, going from {$\bar{a}_i$} to {$1$}. The product {$x_jy_j$} sets an axis {$x_j$} as an absolute reference and then, with regard to it, rotates away from it in the one direction {$iy_j$} or in the opposite direction {$\bar{i}y_j$}